Similar to the rest of the spine (thoracic and lumbar), each of the vertebra of the cervical spine consists of a body, two pedicles, lamina, and multiple bony projections (called processes). Some of these conditions are listed at the end of this article. There are many conditions of the spine that may affect the normal curvature of the cervical spine, resulting in pain and disability. The amount of lordosis an individual has varies, but typically is somewhere in the range of 20-40 degrees. In the cervical region, the spine normally curves backwards. The purpose of these curves is to grant some additionally flexibility and shock absorbing abilities to the spine. However, when viewing the spine from the side, there are distinct curves to each part of the spine. When looking from behind, in most individuals, the spine looks straight. There are seven cervical vertebrae that allow for a great amount of motion in the neck. We will attempt to provide a simplified overview of this complex anatomy. Obliques Capitis Inferior– Assist with head / neck rotation Cervical Spine (Neck Bones): Bones of the Neck PictureĬervical spine anatomy is quite complex. Obliques Capitis Superior– Allows the neck to extend and flex to the side. Rectus Capitis Lateralis – Allows the neck to flex from side to side. Levator Scapulae – Responsible for movement of the scapula (shoulder blade) in an upward and downward motion. Scalene Muscles – Responsible for lifting the first and second ribs i.e. Rectus Capitis Lateralis– Helps the neck to bend to the side. Rectus Capitis Anterior– Responsible for flexion of the neck Longus Colli & Capitis – Responsible for flexion of the head and neck. Here is a list of the many muscles that exist in the neck. There are many muscles around the neck that help to support the cervical spine and allow you to move your head in different directions. Muscles of the Neck: Neck Anatomy Muscles Pictures Read on to learn more about the anatomy of the cervical spine. The cervical spine (neck), specifically, supports the weight of your head, allows you to look straight head, and protects the spinal cord and nerves. Secondarily, it protects the spinal cord (which is the extension of the brain) and all of the nerves that branch from the spinal cord. The purpose of the spine is to support the body so that we can stand upright.
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USB-C accessories Īpple created various adapters to pair with the 2018 iPad Pro models, which are the first iPad models to come with USB-C connector replacing the proprietary Lightning connector. Custom laser engraving is available when purchased via the Apple Store online. It contains tap-sensitive zones on its sides that can be mapped to functions within apps. It is similar in design and specifications to the first model, but without the detachable connector, and part of the stylus is flattened to inhibit rolling. The second-generation Apple Pencil functions exclusively with the 2018 and later iPad Pro models, the iPad Air 4, and the iPad mini 6. On October 30, 2018, Apple announced an updated Pencil alongside the third generation iPad Pro. Second generation iPad Pro and a second-generation Apple Pencil (left) During the keynote, Apple demonstrated drawing, managing publication layout, and document annotation. iPad Pro introduces a new display with increased responsiveness and precision over previous iPad displays with Apple Pencil support added. The accessory is rechargeable via the Lightning port on iPad itself on the pre USB-C models. The first-generation Apple Pencil is a precision stylus exclusive to the iPad Pro, iPad (2018), iPad (2019), iPad Air (2019) and iPad Mini (5th generation). Main article: Apple Pencil First generation The sixth- and current-generation iPad Pro, introduced in October 2022, includes the M2 chip, Apple Pencil Hover, and ProRes video. The fifth-generation iPad Pro, announced in April 2021, incorporated a desktop-class M1 chip, making it the first iPad model to not use an A-series processor. The fourth-generation iPad Pro, introduced in March 2020, included the A12Z chip, and added support for the Magic Keyboard. The third-generation iPad Pro, announced in October 2018, eliminated the home button, and featured Face ID it came in 11-inch and 12.9-inch models, the same screen sizes used by every subsequent model to date. The second-generation iPad Pro, unveiled in June 2017, had an upgraded A10X Fusion chip and swapped the 9.7-inch screen for a larger 10.5-inch display. It had an A9X chip, and came in two sizes: 9.7-inch and 12.9 inch. The original iPad Pro was introduced in September 2015, and ran iOS 9. It runs iPadOS, a tablet-optimized version of the iOS operating system. The iPad Pro is a premium model of Apple's iPad tablet computer. |
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